The correlation between risk factors of COVID-19 and nervous system damage: Pakistan based Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.57125/FEM.2022.09.30.03Keywords:
COVID-19, SARS-COV, neurological damage, PakistanAbstract
Aims: This narrative review's main objectives are to give the idea thorough COVID-19 and neurological diseases overview as well as to request a significant attention to important research areas that are closely related to the topic.
Methodology: "Coronavirus SARS/ COVID-19/ SARS-CoV-2," "neurology," "mechanism," "neuroinvasion," "neuron damage," "myopathy," "neuromuscular," "central nervous system," and "CNS" were used to search Medline, PubMed, and Google Scholar.
Results: highlights a number of significant findings, some of which consist of the detection of SARS-CoV-2 genome RNA in the cerebrospinal fluid, a probability for immediate infection of the central nervous system, penetrating to the brain's cortex via the olfactory nerve, as well as the implication of the peripheral nervous system in neurological disorders that are associated with COVID-19. Pakistani studies that found substantial neurological adverse responses in 23% of COVID-19 participants, the most prevalent from them were headaches and insomnia.
Scientific Novelty: Provide a deep overview of previous researches in order to find the link between COVID-19 and neurological diseases.
Conclusion: The link between COVID-19 and nervous system symptoms development during the pandemic is supported by neurological manifestations, which in accordance with studies are addressing the cerebral involvement of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. It is probable that the presence of neurological disorders in COVID-19 instances may increase the probability of patients with symptoms connected to neuroscience receiving an inaccurate diagnosis. These neurological issues that have been reported highlight how vital it is to realise the link between the SARS-CoV-2 infection and neurological impairments, as well as its association with the severity of the disease and death. Healthcare establishments should educate customers about COVID-19's neurological issues and report adverse events. Media can spread these messages. Governments can support research to find methods of treatment, and trade systems can import foreign pharmaceuticals for best results.
References
Filatov A, Sharma P, Hindi F, Espinosa PS. Neurological complications of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Encephalopathy. Cureus [Internet]. 2020; Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7352
Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet [Internet]. 2020;395(10224):565–74. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8
Sheahan TP, Sims AC, Zhou S, Graham RL, Pruijssers AJ, Agostini ML, et al. An orally bioavailable broad-spectrum antiviral inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in human airway epithelial cell cultures and multiple coronaviruses in mice. Sci Transl Med [Internet]. 2020;12(541):eabb5883. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abb5883
Adhikari, S.P., S. Meng, Y.-J. Wu, Y.-P. Mao, R.-X. Ye, Q.-Z. Wang, et al., Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review. Infectious diseases of poverty, 2020. 9(1): p. 1-12. doi: 10.1186/s40249-020-00646-x.
Ciceri, F., L. Beretta, A.M. Scandroglio, S. Colombo, G. Landoni, A. Ruggeri, et al., Microvascular COVID-19 lung vessels obstructive thromboinflammatory syndrome (MicroCLOTS): an atypical acute respiratory distress syndrome working hypothesis. Critical care and resuscitation, 2020. 22(2): p. 95-97. https://doi.org/10.51893/2020.2.pov2
Rodriguez-Morales, A.J., J.A. Cardona-Ospina, E. Gutierrez-Ocampo, R. Villamizar-Peña, Y. Holguin-Rivera, J.P. Escalera-Antezana, et al., Latin American network of coronavirus disease 2019-COVID-19 research (LANCOVID-19). Clinical, laboratory and imaging features of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis, 2020. 34: p. 101623. DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101623
He, F., Y. Deng, and W. Li, Coronavirus disease 2019: What we know? Journal of medical virology, 2020. 92(7): p. 719-725. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25766
Jiang, F., L. Deng, L. Zhang, Y. Cai, C.W. Cheung, and Z. Xia, Review of the clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Journal of general internal medicine, 2020. 35: p. 1545-1549. doi: 10.1007/s11606-020-05762-w.
Varatharaj, A., N. Thomas, M.A. Ellul, N.W. Davies, T.A. Pollak, E.L. Tenorio, et al., Neurological and neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19 in 153 patients: a UK-wide surveillance study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2020. 7(10): p. 875-882. DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30287-X
Jin, H., C. Hong, S. Chen, Y. Zhou, Y. Wang, L. Mao, et al., Consensus for prevention and management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) for neurologists. Stroke and Vascular Neurology, 2020. 5(2). doi: 10.1136/svn-2020-000382.
Mao, L., H. Jin, M. Wang, Y. Hu, S. Chen, Q. He, et al., Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA neurology, 2020. 77(6): p. 683-690. DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127
Najjar, S., A. Najjar, D.J. Chong, B.K. Pramanik, C. Kirsch, R.I. Kuzniecky, et al., Central nervous system complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: integrative concepts of pathophysiology and case reports. Journal of neuroinflammation, 2020. 17(1): p. 1-14. DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01896-0
Koyuncu, O., I. Hogue, and L. Enquist, Virus infections in the nervous system. Cell host & microbe, 2013. 13(4): p. 379-393. DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.03.010
Shi, Y., Y. Wang, C. Shao, J. Huang, J. Gan, X. Huang, et al., COVID-19 infection: the perspectives on immune responses. 2020, Nature Publishing Group. p. 1451-1454. DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0530-3
Ellul, M.A., L. Benjamin, B. Singh, S. Lant, B.D. Michael, A. Easton, et al., Neurological associations of COVID-19. The Lancet Neurology, 2020. 19(9): p. 767-783. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30221-0
Valerio, F., D.P. Whitehouse, D.K. Menon, and V.F. Newcombe, The neurological sequelae of pandemics and epidemics. Journal of Neurology, 2021. 268(8): p. 2629-2655. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10261-3
Valiuddin, H.M., A. Kalajdzic, J. Rosati, K. Boehm, and D. Hill, Update on neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2020. 21(6): p. 45. DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2020.8.48839
Tsai, L., S. Hsieh, and Y. Chang, Neurological manifestations in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Acta neurologica Taiwanica, 2005. 14(3): p. 113. https://europepmc.org/article/med/16252612
Dezhuang, H., L. Zhenwei, W. Tao, H. Lixiang, X. Li, and Z. Yusen, Detection of SARS coronavirus RNA in lung tissues from patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome by in situ reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Zhonghua wei Sheng wu xue he Mian yi xue za zhi= Zhonghua Weishengwuxue he Mianyixue Zazhi, 2003. 23(12): p. 926-929. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab039
Gu, J., E. Gong, B. Zhang, J. Zheng, Z. Gao, Y. Zhong, et al., Multiple organ infection and the pathogenesis of SARS. The Journal of experimental medicine, 2005. 202(3): p. 415-424. DOI: 10.1084/jem.20050828
Zhang, Q., Y. Ding, J. Hou, L. He, Z. Huang, H. Wang, et al., Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus RNA in autopsy tissues with in situ hybridization. Di 1 jun yi da xue xue bao= Academic journal of the first medical college of PLA, 2003. 23(11): p. 1125-1127. https://europepmc.org/article/med/14625166
Tsai, L.-K., S.-T. Hsieh, C.-C. Chao, Y.-C. Chen, Y.-H. Lin, S.-C. Chang, et al., Neuromuscular disorders in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Archives of neurology, 2004. 61(11): p. 1669-1673. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.61.11.1669
Teijaro, J.R., K.B. Walsh, S. Cahalan, D.M. Fremgen, E. Roberts, F. Scott, et al., Endothelial cells are central orchestrators of cytokine amplification during influenza virus infection. Cell, 2011. 146(6): p. 980-991. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.08.015
Lau, K.-K., W.-C. Yu, C.-M. Chu, S.-T. Lau, B. Sheng, and K.-Y. Yuen, Possible central nervous system infection by SARS coronavirus. Emerging infectious diseases, 2004. 10(2): p. 342. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3322928/
Zlateva, K.T. and M. Van Ranst, Detection of subgroup B respiratory syncytial virus in the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia. The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 2004. 23(11): p. 1065-1066. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15545869/
Naeimi, R. and M. Ghasemi–Kasman, Update on cerebrovascular manifestations of COVID-19. Neurological Sciences, 2020. 41(12): p. 3423-3435. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33083934/
Moriguchi, T., N. Harii, J. Goto, D. Harada, H. Sugawara, J. Takamino, et al., A first case of meningitis/encephalitis associated with SARS-Coronavirus-2. International journal of infectious diseases, 2020. 94: p. 55-58. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.062
Xiang, P., X. Xu, L. Gao, H. Wang, H. Xiong, and R. Li, First case of 2019 novel coronavirus disease with encephalitis ChinaXiv. T202003, 2020: p. 00015. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971220301958
Ann Yeh, E., A. Collins, M.E. Cohen, P.K. Duffner, and H. Faden, Detection of coronavirus in the central nervous system of a child with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Pediatrics, 2004. 113(1): p. e73-e76. doi: 10.1542/peds.113.1.e73.
Gupta, A., M.V. Madhavan, K. Sehgal, N. Nair, S. Mahajan, T.S. Sehrawat, et al., Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Nature medicine, 2020. 26(7): p. 1017-1032. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0968-3
Klopfenstein, T., N. Kadiane-Oussou, L. Toko, P.-Y. Royer, Q. Lepiller, V. Gendrin, et al., Features of anosmia in COVID-19. Medecine et maladies infectieuses, 2020. 50(5): p. 436-439. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32305563/
Levinson, R., M. Elbaz, R. Ben-Ami, D. Shasha, T. Levinson, G. Choshen, et al., Time course of anosmia and dysgeusia in patients with mild SARS-CoV-2 infection. Infectious Diseases, 2020. 52(8): p. 600-602. DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2020.1772992
Wang, L., Y. Shen, M. Li, H. Chuang, Y. Ye, H. Zhao, et al., Clinical manifestations and evidence of neurological involvement in 2019 novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of neurology, 2020. 267: p. 2777-2789. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32529575/
Lechien, J.R., C.M. Chiesa-Estomba, D.R. De Siati, M. Horoi, S.D. Le Bon, A. Rodriguez, et al., Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. European Archives of Oto-rhino-laryngology, 2020. 277(8): p. 2251-2261. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32253535/
Nepal, G., J.H. Rehrig, G.S. Shrestha, Y.K. Shing, J.K. Yadav, R. Ojha, et al., Neurological manifestations of COVID-19: a systematic review. Critical Care, 2020. 24: p. 1-11. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03121-z
Jain, R., M. Young, S. Dogra, H. Kennedy, V. Nguyen, S. Jones, et al., COVID-19 related neuroimaging findings: a signal of thromboembolic complications and a strong prognostic marker of poor patient outcome. Journal of the neurological sciences, 2020. 414: p. 116923. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116923
Romero-Sánchez, C.M., I. Díaz-Maroto, E. Fernández-Díaz, Á. Sánchez-Larsen, A. Layos-Romero, J. García-García, et al., Neurologic manifestations in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: The ALBACOVID registry. Neurology, 2020. 95(8): p. e1060-e1070. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32482845/
Karimi, N., A.S. Razavi, and N. Rouhani, Frequent convulsive seizures in an adult patient with COVID-19: a case report. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 2020. 22(3). https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/resource/en/covidwho-736827
Mahammedi, A., L. Saba, A. Vagal, M. Leali, A. Rossi, M. Gaskill, et al., Imaging of neurologic disease in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: an Italian multicenter retrospective observational study. Radiology, 2020. 297(2): p. E270-E273. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020201933.
Zanin, L., G. Saraceno, P.P. Panciani, G. Renisi, L. Signorini, K. Migliorati, et al., SARS-CoV-2 can induce brain and spine demyelinating lesions. Acta neurochirurgica, 2020. 162: p. 1491-1494. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-020-04374-x
Vollono, C., E. Rollo, M. Romozzi, G. Frisullo, S. Servidei, A. Borghetti, et al., Focal status epilepticus as unique clinical feature of COVID-19: a case report. Seizure, 2020. 78: p. 109-112. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32344366/
Rana, S., A.A. Lima, R. Chandra, J. Valeriano, T. Desai, W. Freiberg, et al., Novel coronavirus (COVID-19)-associated Guillain–Barré Syndrome: case report. Journal of clinical neuromuscular disease, 2020. 21(4): p. 240. DOI: 10.1097/CND.0000000000000309
Dinkin, M., V. Gao, J. Kahan, S. Bobker, M. Simonetto, P. Wechsler, et al., COVID-19 presenting with ophthalmoparesis from cranial nerve palsy. Neurology, 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32358218/
Gutiérrez-Ortiz, C., A. Méndez-Guerrero, S. Rodrigo-Rey, E. San Pedro-Murillo, L. Bermejo-Guerrero, R. Gordo-Mañas, et al., Miller Fisher syndrome and polyneuritis cranialis in COVID-19. Neurology, 2020. 95(5): p. e601-e605. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000009619.
Cai, X., H. Jiang, S. Zhang, S. Xia, W. Du, Y. Ma, et al., Clinical manifestations and pathogen characteristics in children admitted for suspected COVID-19. Frontiers of Medicine, 2020. 14: p. 776-785. DOI: 10.1007/s11684-020-0820-7
Domingues, R.B., M.C. Mendes-Correa, F.B.V. de Moura Leite, E.C. Sabino, D.Z. Salarini, I. Claro, et al., First case of SARS-COV-2 sequencing in cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with suspected demyelinating disease. Journal of neurology, 2020. 267: p. 3154-3156. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-09996-w
Zhao, K., J. Huang, D. Dai, Y. Feng, L. Liu, and S. Nie, Acute myelitis after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case report. MedRxiv, 2020: p. 2020.03. 16.20035105. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.16.20035105v2
Li, Y.C., W.Z. Bai, and T. Hashikawa, The neuroinvasive potential of SARS‐CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID‐19 patients. Journal of medical virology, 2020. 92(6): p. 552-555. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25728. Epub 2020 Mar 11.
Turtle, L., Respiratory failure alone does not suggest central nervous system invasion by SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol, 2020: p. 705-706. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32246782/
Baig, A.M., A. Khaleeq, U. Ali, and H. Syeda, Evidence of the COVID-19 virus targeting the CNS: tissue distribution, host–virus interaction, and proposed neurotropic mechanisms. ACS chemical neuroscience, 2020. 11(7): p. 995-998. doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00122.
Wu, Y., X. Xu, Z. Chen, J. Duan, K. Hashimoto, L. Yang, et al., Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2020. 87: p. 18-22. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32240762/
Brann, D., T. Tsukahara, C. Weinreb, D.W. Logan, and S.R. Datta, Non-neural expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory epithelium suggests mechanisms underlying anosmia in COVID-19 patients. BioRxiv, 2020. 10(2020.03): p. 25.009084. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32937591/
Guidon, A.C. and A.A. Amato, COVID-19 and neuromuscular disorders. Neurology, 2020. 94(22): p. 959-969. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32284362/
Matías-Guiu, J., U. Gomez-Pinedo, P. Montero-Escribano, P. Gomez-Iglesias, J. Porta-Etessam, and J. Matias-Guiu, Should we expect neurological symptoms in the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic? Neurología (English Edition), 2020. 35(3): p. 170-175. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32299636/
Naughton, S.X., U. Raval, and G.M. Pasinetti, Potential novel role of COVID-19 in Alzheimer’s disease and preventative mitigation strategies. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 2020. 76(1): p. 21-25. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32538855/
Victorino, D.B., M. Guimaraes-Marques, M. Nejm, F.A. Scorza, and C.A. Scorza, COVID-19 and Parkinson’s disease: are we dealing with short-term impacts or something worse? Journal of Parkinson's disease, 2020. 10(3): p. 899. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32390643/
Shahid, S., M. Raza, S. Junejo, and S. Maqsood, Clinical features and outcome of COVID‐19 positive children from a tertiary healthcare hospital in Karachi. Journal of Medical Virology, 2021. 93(10): p. 5988-5997. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34228363/
Makda, A., S. Kumar, A. Kumar, V. Kumar, and A. Rizwan, The frequency of neurological symptoms in COVID-19 patients at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. Cureus, 2020. 12(9). https://www.cureus.com/articles/41035-the-frequency-of-neurological-symptoms-in-covid-19-patients-at-a-tertiary-care-hospital-in-pakistan
Kumar, J., K. Makheja, F. Rahul, S. Kumar, M. Kumar, M. Chand, et al., Long-term neurological impact of COVID-19. Cureus, 2021. 13(9). https://www.cureus.com/articles/69333-long-term-neurological-impact-of-covid-19#!/
Adil, M., A. Ellahi, H. Kashif, and Z. Huda, Neurological manifestations of COVID-19: a perspective from Pakistani medical students. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 2022. 79. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9212922
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 author

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
