The Relationship Between Well Water Quality and Cognitive Function in Well Water Users
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.57125/FEM.2024.06.30.01Keywords:
aquatic neurotoxins, waterborne contaminants, brain health, environmental determinants of cognitive impairmentAbstract
Aims: to explore the relationship between consuming contaminated well water and cognitive function among well water users in Jember Regency; to understand the sociodemographic characteristics based on age, gender, and education level; to assess the quality of well water used by residents; and to describe the cognitive function of well water users.
Study Design: this study employed an observational analytical approach with a cross-sectional design.
Place and Duration of Study: this research was carried out in a village in Jember Regency, Indonesia from September to November 2023
Methodology: well water samples were measured by the polluted index (IPj) method as well as the cognitive function was measured by MMSE. There were 46 respondents who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and obtained 29 well water samples.
Results: 1 well water sample (3.45%) was found to be in good condition, while 20 well water samples (69%) were categorized as lightly polluted. Additionally, 5 well water samples (17.24%) were moderately polluted, and 3 well water samples (10.24%) were heavily polluted. Regarding cognitive function, 30 respondents (65.2%) fell into the normal category, 11 respondents (23.9%) were classified as having Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), and 5 respondents (10.9%) were diagnosed with dementia. Statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation (p-value = 0.001) between well water quality and cognitive function in well water users, with a correlation coefficient of -0.473.
Conclusion: There is a clear relationship between contaminated well water and cognitive function in well water users. Deteriorating water quality correlates with a decline in cognitive function.
References
Hendratta LA, Tangkudung H. Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air. Bandung: CV Patra Media Grafindo Bandung; 2021.
Badan Pusat Statistik. Distribusi Persentase Rumah Tangga di Provinsi Jawa Timur Menurut Kabupaten/Kota dan Sumber Air Minum. 2020. Available from (16 November 2023) https://jatim.bps.go.id/statictable/2020/07/30/2093/distribusi-persentase-rumah-tangga-di-provinsi-jawa- timur-menurut-kabupaten-kota-dan-sumber-air-minum-2019.html
Chowdhary P, Bharagava RN, Mishra S, Khan N. Role of industries in water scarcity and its adverse effects on environment and human health. In: Environmental Concerns and Sustainable Development. Singapore: Springer Singapore; 2020. p. 235–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5889-0_12
Paduraru E, Iacob D, Rarinca V, Rusu A, Jijie R, Ilie O-D, et al. Comprehensive review regarding mercury poisoning and its complex involvement in Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Mol Sci [Internet]. 2022;23(4):1992. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23041992
Dhakal A., Bobrin B. D. Cognitive Deficits. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls; 2023. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559052/
Feng T, Feng Z, Liu Q, Jiang L, Yu Q, Liu K. Drinking habits and water sources with the incidence of cognitive impairment in Chinese elderly population: The Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. J Affect Disord [Internet]. 2021;281:406–12. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.044
Andriati R, Utami RB, Firgianti R, Fahriati AR. Hubungan Penggunaan Air Sumur Untuk Kebutuhan Minum Dengan Risiko Terjadinya Urolithiasis di Wilayah Kampung Ragamukti Rw 02 Desa Citayam. Edu Dharma J [Internet]. 2022 Sep 30 [cited 2024 Apr 10];6(2):156. Available from: https://doi.org/10.52031/edj.v6i2.425
Astuti BC. Kualitas Air Sumur Desa Bantaran Sungai Bengawan Solo Berdasarkan Aspek Kemasyarakatan Dan Standar Menteri Kesehatan. J Mat Saint, dan Teknol. 2019;16(1):18–25. Available from: https://lib.ui.ac.id/m/detail.jsp?id=20439533&lokasi=lokal
Hakim LN. Urgensi Revisi Undang-Undang tentang Kesejahteraan Lanjut Usia. Aspirasi [Internet]. 2020;11(1):43–55. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.46807/aspirasi.v11i1.1589
Amnan, Naelasari DN. Pengaruh Saluran Pembuangan Air Limbah (Spal) Terhadap Kualitas Fisik Air Sumur Gali Di Desa Telagawaru Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Labuapi the Effect of Wastewater Sewers (Spal) on the Physical Quality of Dug Well Water in Telagawaru Village, Labuapi Health. Jambura Journal of Health Sciences and Research [Internet]. 2023;5(2):512–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.35971/jjhsr.v5i2.18364
Afifah AN, Fatin MA, Ghassani FS, Lismandasari L. Analisis Tingkat Pendidikan, Tingkat Pengetahuan, serta Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat di Rumah Tangga di RT 04 RW 05 Kelurahan Ciriung Kabupaten Bogor. Media Kesehat Masy Indones [Internet]. 2022;21(3):203–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mkmi.21.3.203-208
Broussard LA, Hammett-Stabler CA, Winecker RE, Ropero-Miller JD. The toxicology of mercury. Lab Med [Internet]. 2002;33(8):614–25. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1309/5hy1-v3ne-2lfl-p9mt
Pan X, Luo Y, Zhao D, Zhang L. Associations Among Drinking Water Quality, Dyslipidemia, and Cognitive Function for Older Adults in China: Evidence from CHARLS. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2022;22(1):1–13. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-03375-y
Zhai D, Cao L, Zhou Y, Liu H, Shi M, Wei Y, et al. The effect of water source on cognitive functioning in Chinese adults: A cross-sectional and follow-up study. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf [Internet]. 2022;230(113156):113156. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113156
Bondy S, Campbell A. Water quality and brain function. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2017;15(1):2. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010002
Khambali. Pencemaran Lingkungan. Triastuti E, editor. Surabaya: HAKLI; 2020. 1–235 p.
Zhou J, Cattaneo G, Yu W, Lo O-Y, Gouskova NA, Delgado-Gallén S, et al. The age-related contribution of cognitive function to dual-task gait in middle-aged adults in Spain: observations from a population-based study. Lancet Healthy Longev [Internet]. 2023;4(3):e98–106. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2666-7568(23)00009-0
Lestari N, Indriani D. Pola Kepemilikan Sumber Air Minum Rumah Tangga di Jawa Timur. Media Gizi Kesmas [Internet]. 2022;11(1):88–94. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mgk.v11i1.2022.88-94
Firdaus R. Hubungan Usia, Jenis Kelamin dan Status Anemia dengan Fungsi Kognitif pada Lanjut Usia. Faletehan Health Journal [Internet]. 2020;7(1):12–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.33746/fhj.v7i1.97
Han F, Luo C, Lv D, Tian L, Qu C. Risk factors affecting cognitive impairment of the elderly aged 65 and over: A cross-sectional study. Front Aging Neurosci [Internet]. 2022;14. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2022.903794
Brito DVC, Esteves F, Rajado AT, Silva N, ALFA score Consortium, Araújo I, et al. Assessing cognitive decline in the aging brain: lessons from rodent and human studies. NPJ Aging [Internet]. 2023;9(1):23. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41514-023-00120-6
Akbar ZA, Dainy NC. Hubungan Status Gizi, Jenis Kelamin, Aktivitas Fisik, dan Asupan Serat Terhadap Fungsi Kognitif pada Pralansia di Kecamatan Cileungsi Kabupaten Bogor. Muhammadiyah Journal of Geriatric [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2024 Apr 10];4(2):99–109. Available from: https://jurnal.umj.ac.id/index.php/MuJG/article/view/13990
Zhao E, Crimmins EM. Mortality and morbidity in ageing men: Biology, Lifestyle and Environment. Rev Endocr Metab Disord [Internet]. 2022;23(6):1285–304. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11154-022-09737-6
Levine DA, Gross AL, Briceño EM, Tilton N, Giordani BJ, Sussman JB, et al. Sex differences in cognitive decline among US adults. JAMA Netw Open [Internet]. 2021;4(2):e210169. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.0169
Nindela R, Yusril Y, Marisdina S, Junaidi A, Okparasta A, Anggraeni D. Skrining kognitif pada dewasa dan lansia di Kelurahan Gunung Ibul Kota Prabumulih. Hummed [Internet]. 2023;4(2):90–105. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.32539/hummed.v4l2.126
Rizky MS. Hubungan Tingkat Pendidikan dan Aktivitas Fisik dengan Fungsi Kognitif pada Lansia di Kelurahan Darat. Univ Sumatra Utara. 2021. http://repositori.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/40981
Riskiana NEPN, Mandagi AM. Tingkat Pendidikan Dengan Fungsi Kognitif Pada Lansia Dalam Periode Aging Population. preventif [Internet]. 2021;12(2):256. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/preventif.v12i2.194
Lövdén M, Fratiglioni L, Glymour MM, Lindenberger U, Tucker-Drob EM. Education and cognitive functioning across the life span. Psychol Sci Public Interest [Internet]. 2020;21(1):6–41. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1529100620920576
Takasugi T, Tsuji T, Hanazato M, Miyaguni Y, Ojima T, Kondo K. Community-level educational attainment and dementia: a 6-year longitudinal multilevel study in Japan. BMC Geriatr [Internet]. 2021;21(1). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12877-021-02615-x
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 authors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
